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Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a procedure that uses a special form of X-ray to look at the fallopian tubes and uterus. It is a noninvasive medical test that is often used to find out why you are having difficulty conceiving. The doctor will check if the fallopian tubes are fully or partially blocked and if the inside of the uterus is normal.
Doctors also recommend HSG to examine repeated miscarriages that may be caused by congenital or acquired uterine problems, such as adhesions, endometrial (uterine) polyps, uterine fibroids, congenital problems (uterine anomalies), tumors. In addition, HSG can check the effects of tubal surgery, including:
Blockage of the fallopian tubes caused by scarring or infection
Reopening of the fallopian tubes after sterilization or a blockage caused by a disease
Closing of the fallopian tubes after sterilization procedures.
During HSG, you will have to lie on your back with your knees bent on a table under an X-ray imager called a fluoroscope. Then, a device called a speculum will be inserted into your vagina. This device holds the walls of the vagina apart, keeping it open and allowing your doctor to view the cervix. The cervix is then cleaned. In most cases, no sedation is used during the procedure, but your doctor may inject local anesthesia to the end of the cervix to numb the area. You may feel a slight pinch as this is done.
Next, a contrast medium will be placed in the uterus and fallopian tubes. A contrast medium is a fluid containing a dye that can show up the structures of your body on an X-ray screen. The dye can outline the inner size and shape of your uterus and fallopian tubes. Your doctor can also see how the dye moves through your body structures.
To place the contrast, the cervix is grasped with a special device to hold it steady. Then, an instrument called a cannula is inserted into the cervix. Through the cannula, your doctor gently fills your uterus with the contrast. After that, your doctor will remove the speculum, and as the contrast medium fills your uterus and tubes, images are made with the fluoroscope X-ray. You may be asked to move around so that your doctor can get side views. It is normal to feel cramping during this part.
Finally, once the images are taken, your doctor will remove the cannula.
HSG is an outpatient procedure, so you should be able to leave the hospital on the same day. In most cases, you can get the test results on the same day and discuss the results with your doctor right away, so you do not have to stay in Armenia any longer than you wish to. However, if the results are not immediately ready, plan to stay in the country for several days. Your doctor should give you the details.
You can resume your normal activities, including work, immediately after HSG. However, you should refrain from sexual intercourse for 2 to 3 days.
It is also important to note that you might have some vaginal spotting, cramps, stomach discomfort, and dizziness for a few days following the procedure. You can use pads for the vaginal discharge, but make sure to avoid using a tampon. Your doctor may give you antibiotics to prevent an infection and pain medicine to help you with any cramps and discomfort. If your doctor does not prescribe you pain medicine, you can take over-the-counter pain relievers.
HSG is a very safe procedure with high success rates. However, there are some complications that the procedure carries and they only occur with 1% of patients. These complications include infection, radiation exposure, fainting, allergic reaction to the contrast material, and spotting. Injury to your uterus or pelvic injury is possible as well.
The procedure is generally considered as effective and accurate most of the time. However, a small study revealed a 35% incident of false negatives. This means that the results showed a normal uterine shape, but other tests showed abnormalities. Also, 15% of women who undergo this procedure have a false-positive, meaning the results showed abnormalities when it is actually normal.
The following procedures can give your doctor similar information as HSG:
Hysteroscopy can provide a detailed view of the inside of your uterus, but it cannot give information about your fallopian tubes.
Laparoscopy can show if the fallopian tubes are open.
Sonohysterography can show the insides of your uterus. However, as with hysteroscopy, it cannot show whether your fallopian tubes are blocked.
Before HSG, you may have trouble conceiving or had two or more miscarriages, or you just underwent some tubal sterilization procedures. After the procedure, your doctor should be able to find any abnormalities that are causing the problem. The results will be able to help you and your doctor creates a treatment plan. If you have HSG because you have some tubal sterilization procedures before, the results will be able to tell if your fallopian tubes have been completely blocked.
Whilst the information presented here has been accurately sourced and verified by a medical professional for its accuracy, it is still advised to consult with your doctor before pursuing a medical treatment at one of the listed medical providers
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Armenia has become a premium destination for medical tourism since the hospitals and clinics in the country are staffed with highly qualified professionals. This country has had a long association with medicine. Its 12th-century physician, Mkhitar Heratsi made a great contribution to numerous medical fields. Also, many Armenians helped to invent important medical innovations, such as the MRI machine and PET scan. These facts, coupled with lower costs high-quality healthcare, draw medical tourists from all around the world and most medical tourists come to this country for cosmetic surgery.
Armenia’s capital city, Yerevan, is the largest city in the country as well as one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities of the world. This city offers a perfect mix of ancient and modern as century-old buildings sit side by side with modern structures. With outdoor cafes lining its tree-filled boulevard, you can feel the vibrant atmosphere. The second-largest city in Gyumri which is filled with excitement as you will find trendy cafes and nightlife venues that are starting to pop up in the city. You can explore amazing museums, such as the Museum of the Aslamazyan Sisters and the Museum of National Architecture and Urban Life of Gyumri. Another popular place to visit is Dilijan, which is billed as the ‘Switzerland of Armenia.’ This city offers extremely beautiful scenery and pleasant weather.
Zvartnots International Airport is the main international airport in Armenia. This airport serves flights to and from many European and Asian cities, such as Paris, Dubai, Moscow, and Seoul. Since the country is pretty small, there are no domestic flights. Buses and trolleybuses run in cities, while taxis are widely available in city centers. Taxi fares should be negotiated before a journey as taxi drivers tend to overcharge.
Citizens from various countries, including Brazil, Australia, the UK, and the US, can visit and stay in Armenia for up to 180 days. Most other nationalities can apply for a visa on arrival or e-visa. It is best to check with the nearest Armenian embassy or consulate in your area.
December to February are the winter months, with cold temperatures and snowfall in the northern region. Spring, between March and May, is very pleasant with rain showers in March and April. Summer lasts from June to September, characterized by hot temperatures, long and dry days, as well as blue skies. In autumn, the temperatures will become cooler.