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Skin cancer, like other forms of cancer, may require surgery to remove the cancerous growth. For cancers that have not spread, surgery may be the only type of treatment needed. Skin cancers that are more aggressive, such as melanoma, often need more extensive surgeries. If your doctor found that nearby lymph nodes are inflamed, and the cancer cells are suspected to have spread, your doctor usually will need to remove the lymph nodes.
Different surgical techniques can be used to treat skin cancer, depending on the type of skin cancer, where it is on the body, how large the cancer is, and how deep the cancer is. The following are the types of skin cancer surgery.
Mohs Surgery
Mohs surgery is performed to treat the most common skin cancers, squamous cell carcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma, as well as some kinds of melanoma and other unusual skin cancers. This surgery is designed to remove as much of the skin cancer as possible while ensuring the surrounding healthy tissue is preserved. During Mohs surgery, your surgeon removes the cancerous cells from the skin layer by layer, until only cancer-free tissue remains. It is usually used in highly visible areas, such as the face, head, or neck, in order to limit scarring. It can also be used to treat recurrent skin cancers. Mohs surgery is performed under local anesthetic, meaning only the affected area is numbed but you will remain awake during the surgery.
Excisional surgery
Excisional surgery is appropriate for any type of skin cancer. The surgeon performs an excision with a sharp razor or scalpel, shaving or cutting a growth off the skin. There are several types of excision that may be performed:
A simple excision uses a scalpel to remove the skin growth, as well as a small part of the surrounding tissue.
A wide excision involves shaving or peeling a growth off the surface of the skin using a sharp razor-like tool
Wide excision is usually used for Merkel cell carcinomas and melanoma. This type of excisional surgery removes the skin tumor as well as a wider surrounding healthy tissue. It may also extend more deeply into the skin.
Excisional surgery is done under local anesthetic.
Curettage and electrodessication
This procedure involves removing a skin lesion with a curette, which is a long, thin surgical tool with a tiny circular blade on its end for scraping. Once the lesion is scraped, the affected area is then treated through electrodesiccation, which uses an electric needle designed to reduce bleeding and kill any cancer cells that remain on the skin. The process may be carried out several times and is performed under local anesthesia.
Cryosurgery
Cryosurgery, also called cryotherapy, is a technique to freeze and destroy cancer cells using liquid nitrogen. The technique may be repeated several times and is only used for pre-cancerous lesions and small skin cancers.
Laser surgery
During laser surgery, an intense beam of light is used to destroy cancer cells. This type of surgery is only used to treat very superficial skin cancers.
Lymph node biopsy and removal
A lymph node biopsy is often performed on patients with melanoma. During this procedure, the doctor will remove one or more sentinel lymph nodes. If no sign of cancer is found in the lymph node, no additional lymph node surgery is required. However, if melanoma cells is found in one or more sentinel lymph nodes, it may be necessary to remove the remaining lymph nodes in the area.
Surgery for metastatic skin cancer
Basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas, which are the most common types of skin cancers, normally do not metastasize. However, melanoma may travel to the bones, brain, lungs, and liver. When this happens, surgery may be needed to remove tumors from those locations. This surgery may be combined with other treatments, such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy.
Reconstructive surgery
Skin cancer surgery may cause disfigurement or scarring, particularly when extensive surgery is required to remove cancer, or when the surgery is carried in highly visible areas, such as the hands, neck, face, or head.
Most skin cancer surgeries are performed as an outpatient procedure, meaning you can leave the hospital on the same day. For more extensive surgeries, you may need to stay for several days. It is recommended that you stay in Croatia for at least 7 to 14 days for follow up checkups and initial recovery.
Recovery time of skin cancer surgery depends on the type of surgery you have. In general, it is wise to take it easy for several days. Your doctor will give you a detailed recovery timeline, which includes when you can go back to work and resume your normal activities.
You will be given instructions following your surgery. It is important that you follow the instruction carefully. Try to avoid movements that may stress your wound and sutures, and make sure to keep the incision sites clean and well protected from potential injury. In most cases, you will have to attend a follow-up checkup to ensure cancer has not come back. However, you can choose to have this follow-up checkup with your local doctor.
Skin cancer surgery is generally safe and effective. Mohs surgery has one of the highest cure rates at up to 99%. Still, the surgery carries some potential side effects, including pain, swelling, bruising, bleeding, infection, scarring, disfigurement, fatigue, and lymphedema.
The alternative to surgery depends on the size, location, depth, and type of skin cancer. Small skin cancers limited to the surface of your skin may not need any treatment besides an initial skin biopsy. Other types of treatments include radiation therapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, and biological therapy. However, in some cases, these treatments are done in conjunction with surgery.
Before skin cancer surgery, you may have a cancerous growth in your skin that causes uncomfortable and painful symptoms. In some cases, growth can be dangerous and life-threatening. After skin cancer surgery, cancer should be removed and you may be cured of cancer, allowing you to live your normal life again and improving your quality of life.
Whilst the information presented here has been accurately sourced and verified by a medical professional for its accuracy, it is still advised to consult with your doctor before pursuing a medical treatment at one of the listed medical providers
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Despite its relatively small size, Croatia presents a striking geographical diversity. It undoubtedly has a unique charm for those indulging in fantasies of an idyllic beach holiday. Being home to a vast stretch of seafront that spans thousands of miles and an intriguing archipelago with hundreds of islands, Croatia upholds a significant appeal for lovers of sun, sand, and surf.
Beyond its appealing coastlines, Croatia encompasses much more in its terrains. The expanse of the country is dotted with rugged, dramatic mountains that serve as the perfect backdrop to ancient towns that are enclosed within historical walls. The country is rich in untouched national parks that are truly a paradise for nature enthusiasts.
You also get a glimpse of regal history through majestic castles that mark the Croatian landscape. The icing on the cake is its fantastic cuisine that adds a flavorful dimension to one's experiences. Last but not least, the impressive Roman ruins scattered across the country are a testament to its astonishing historical heritage, enticing history buffs worldwide to explore Croatia.
Although Croatia is a newcomer to the medical tourism sector, the demand for medical services in the country by foreign patients is increasing. Its strong growth is largely driven by the high cost of private care and long waiting times in public healthcare in countries such as the UK and the US. Croatia is known to have affordable, top-quality treatments performed by highly qualified medical professionals. Also, medical centers in the country have modern equipment, friendly staff, and exceptional services.
Zagreb, the bustling capital of Croatia, is a vibrant city that boasts a blend of verdant parks, unconventional art galleries, and enticing museums. Even though the city pulsates with modern energy, its scenery stands distinguished by an array of neo-baroque and art deco buildings that impart a unique architectural charm.
The vibrant city of Zagreb brims with an eclectic mix of attractions that can appeal to a wide range of tastes and interests. One such unique point of interest is the Museum of Broken Relationships. This peculiar museum offers an offbeat exploration into the vestiges of love that has ended, providing a distinctively intimate glimpse into personal stories of heartbreak.
Another notable site that significantly attracts visitors is the serene Mirogoj. Not just an ordinary cemetery, Mirogoj stands out as one of the finest architectural gems in Croatia, offering a peaceful retreat within the lively cityscape. Balancing modern dynamics with a deep-rooted cultural heritage, Zagreb indeed offers engaging facets for every type of traveler.
The Croatian Museum of Naïve Art, standing as a symbol of the country’s rich artistic history, is a must-visit for art aficionados. Further, the bustling Dolac Market is the city's epicentre for fresh produce where locals and tourists alike converge. Rounding off the list is the Funicular Railway, another essential experience that offers a charming way to take in Zagreb's panoramic views.
Those who want to enjoy Croatian’s famous beaches and explore ancient monuments should visit Dubrovnik. Known as the “Pearl of the Adriatic,” this city has a giant walled Old Town, stunning mountains, and idyllic beaches.
Croatia's summer season, extending from July to August, is characterized by lovely warm weather and dry conditions, with a generous sprinkling of sunshine across most days. Transition seasons such as spring (April to June) and autumn (September to October) also offer a fairly warm and agreeable climate, making them pleasant times to visit. However, the spring season can sometimes bring increased rainfall.
On the other hand, winters in Croatia, particularly in January, can dip into colder temperatures. This chill factor is more pronounced in areas of higher elevations, where it's common to witness snowy landscapes. Each season in Croatia brings with it a distinctive climate and charm, shaping the country's scenic beauty in different ways throughout the year.
As the calendar flips over to the cooler months, the Croatian landscape transitions from sun-kissed beaches to frost-laden terrains, especially in the elevated regions of the country. Here, it is not unusual to see snowfall, adding a whole new dimension to Croatia's captivating beauty. Still, regardless of the weather, Croatia retains its charm, offering visitors an array of unique experiences all year round. The country's seasonal moods only add to its diverse appeal, ensuring that there's always something beautiful to see or experience, making Croatia a truly year-round destination.
Zagreb Airport claims the title of being the largest and most frequented international airport in Croatia. This bustling transport hub is where the majority of global explorers set foot in the country.
The airport operates a host of both regular and seasonal air services that connect Zagreb to numerous metropolises worldwide. Notable among these are Paris, Toronto, London, Barcelona, Dubai, and Seoul, further emphasising Zagreb Airport's significance in global travel.
There are good transport options in Croatia. Domestic flights are the fastest option to get around, though they can be a bit expensive. The bus network is run by a lot of different companies and is generally comfortable.
The Croatian Railways has a reasonably efficient service and is cheaper than buses, but they are slower and less frequent. There is a large network of catamarans and car ferries. In major cities, the main form of transport is buses. Taxis are available and are expensive.
EU nationals, Canadian, Australian, British, and US nationals do not need to apply for a visa to stay in Croatia for up to 90 days. While Croatia is not yet a member of the Schengen area, holders of Schengen visas to enter the country without having to apply for an additional visa.
Tips for applying for a tourist visa to Croatia: