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Surgery is a treatment option for numerous different stages of stomach cancer, particularly in its early stages. If a patient has a stage 0, I, II, or III cancer and is generally healthy enough, surgery often offers the only realistic chance for cure.
The aim of surgery is to remove all of cancer in the stomach while keeping as much normal tissue as possible. In some cases, some nearby tissues and lymph nodes may also be removed, depending on the stage and type of stomach cancer. Sometimes the surgeon may need to remove other organs as well.
There are several different types of surgery for stomach cancer. The type of surgery you have will depend on the type and stage of your cancer, as well as its location in your stomach.
Endoscopic resection
Endoscopic resection is used to treat very early-stage tumors that have not spread from the stomach walls. The goal of this procedure is to effectively remove the body of stomach cancer. For some people, this type of procedure is the only treatment needed.
During this procedure, no incision is made in the skin. Instead, your surgeon inserts a flexible tube with a small camera on its end (called an endoscope) through your mouth down into your stomach. Through the endoscope, surgical tools are passed to remove all cancerous tissue and some of the normal stomach wall around it.
Gastrectomy
Gastrectomy is carried out to remove part or all of the stomach while leaving as much healthy tissue as possible. The goal of the surgery is to completely remove cancer from the stomach, as well as the nearby lymph nodes. Gastrectomy is commonly performed on those whose stomach cancer has advanced. There are two types of gastrectomy:
Subtotal (partial) gastrectomy – this type of gastrectomy is usually recommended if the cancer is located only in the lower part of the stomach. Sometimes, it is used for cancers that are located only in the upper portion of the stomach as well. Subtotal gastrectomy involves removing part of the stomach, sometimes along with the first part of the small intestine or part of the esophagus. The surgeon may also remove part of the tissue that holds your stomach in place (the omentum). How much of your stomach and other organs removed depends on the position of cancer. After the surgery, you will have a smaller stomach.
Total gastrectomy – total gastrectomy is done if cancer has spread throughout the stomach. It is also recommended if the cancer is located near the esophagus in the upper part of the stomach or in the middle of the stomach. During the surgery, your surgeon removes the entire stomach, the omentum, nearby lymph nodes, and sometimes, parts of the nearby organs (such as the esophagus, pancreas, and intestines). In order to enable you to continue swallowing and eating normally, your surgeon then attaches the esophagus to part of the small intestine.
A gastrectomy, both subtotal and total, can be performed in three ways:
Laparotomy (open surgery) involves creating a large incision in the abdomen. This procedure may be needed if your abdomen contains scar tissue from previous surgery, making creating a small incision difficult.
Laparoscopy (keyhole surgery) involves making several tiny incisions in the skin above the abdomen. Through one incision, the surgeon inserts a laparoscope (a thin, lighted tube with a small camera on its end). Through the other incisions, the surgeon inserts small surgical tools to perform the surgery.
Robotic-assisted surgery uses a robotic surgical tool. The surgeon operates the robot using a console displaying a magnified 3-D image of the inside of your abdomen, which has been highlighted with a special fluorescent dye.
Placement of a feeding tube
After stomach cancer surgery, some patients experience trouble taking in enough nutrition. Other treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy can make the problem even worse. To help you take in enough nutrition, your surgeon can place a tube into the intestine during gastrectomy. The end of this tube remains on the outside of the skin. Through the end of the tube, you can put liquid nutrition directly into the intestine, preventing, and treating malnutrition.
Your length of stay depends on the type of surgery you underwent. In general, you need to stay in the hospital for a few days. Plan to stay in Panama for at least 7 days for initial recovery and follow-up checkups.
The recovery time can vary, depending on the type of surgery and the technique your surgeon used. After endoscopic resection, many patients are able to return to work 2-3 days after surgery. For gastrectomy, it generally takes around 4 to 6 weeks until you can resume your normal routine, including work. However, if your doctor uses the laparoscopic technique, the recovery period can be shorter.
Your surgeon will give you a set of post-operative instructions that you need to follow. These include wound care and medications to take. You may need to attend regular follow-up checkups to ensure cancer has not come back.
After stomach cancer surgery, you may need to change your diet and you’re eating patterns. You need to eat smaller, more frequent meals instead of three big meals a day, particularly after total gastrectomy. Your surgeon will advise you to eat a low-carb and high-protein diet to help you feel better after eating.
The success rate for stomach cancer surgery depends on the stage of cancer and the type of stomach cancer you have. In general, surgery is very effective, particularly in the early stages of stomach cancer.
As with any major surgery, stomach cancer surgery has risks and side effects. These include bleeding, infection, and damage to nearby organs.
In many cases, surgery is necessary to treat stomach cancer, so there are no other alternatives. However, your doctor may recommend radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy instead of surgery, but it often depends on the stage of cancer you have. These types of treatments are usually needed along with surgery.
Stomach cancer can be life-threatening and cause uncomfortable symptoms. After surgery, the symptoms you felt before should be gone and the chance of your cancer spreading to other organs is reduced. In some cases, you may also be put in remission, meaning no cancer is found in your body.
Whilst the information presented here has been accurately sourced and verified by a medical professional for its accuracy, it is still advised to consult with your doctor before pursuing a medical treatment at one of the listed medical providers
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Situated as a transcontinental entity, the Republic of Panama straddles the geographic crossroads of Central and South America. The inception of the Panama Canal in 1914 propelled this country into an integral position as a nexus between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. Those who are drawn to visit this radiant country find themselves ensnared in a mesmerizing display of cerulean seas, diverse fauna, deserted islands, bountiful coffee farms, and awe-inspiring rainforests.
The Republic of Panama unites the corners of the world, bridging the two American continents as a vibrant transcontinental nation. The construction of the Panama Canal in 1914 marked a turning point, positioning the nation as a crucial crossroad - connecting the vast expanse of Caribbean waters with the Pacific. The travelers who venture into this country discover an array of rewards awaiting them. The breathtaking beauty of sparkling blue waters, a plethora of enthralling wildlife, desolate islands that evoke an air of tranquility, sprawling coffee plantations, and the awe-striking charm of lush rainforests contribute to the diverse and enticing experiences that Panama has to offer.
Over the past several years, the Republic of Panama is steadily gaining renown as a preferred medical tourism hotspot for myriad individuals across Europe and the United States. The medical professionals operating within the country receive their robust education and accreditation from the United States, thus ensuring their expertise extends to the vanguard of their respective fields. The blend of these proficient doctors and superb medical infrastructure, combined with reasonable pricing on a wide range of medical practices, contributes to Panama's appeal for healthcare needs. Whether one seeks remedial treatments or desires elective cosmetic surgery, there are an ample array of high-quality, cost-effective services available in this picturesque country.
In the recent panorama, Panama has noticed a swift surge in its recognition as a prime choice for medical tourism, attracting numerous Europeans and Americans to its shores. Professionally trained and certified in the United States, the doctors in Panama stand at the forefront of their respective medical fields. Contributing to its desirability as a medical tourism hub is the high-quality care provided by these adept medical practitioners, alongside state-of-the-art healthcare facilities. The affordability of medical procedures in Panama further heightens its appeal. From treatments aimed at correcting medical conditions to elective cosmetic surgeries, the striking beauty of Panama, coupled with its comprehensive and affordable healthcare solutions, makes it an ideal medical destination for individuals worldwide.
Known as the most cosmopolitan capital within the region of Central America, Panama City opens the door to a multitude of tropical getaways while donning the hat of a bustling metropolis. Serving as a focal point for trade and immigration within the region, Panama City represents a vibrant blend of diverse cultures; a veritable melting pot where different backgrounds meet and meld.
Being the epitome of cosmopolitan magnificence in Central America, Panama City beams as the gateway to a spectrum of tropical retreats and simultaneously thrives as a bustling urban settlement. It stands as a central hotspot for regional trade and immigration practices, thereby birthing a profusion of cultures. This city, with its diverse cultural influences, serves as a sophisticated melting pot, crafting a harmonious blend of a myriad of cultures.
Some of the more popular tourist attractions are Teatro Nacional, Panamá Viejo, Donde José, and Parque Natural Metropolitano. Although the capital attracts thousands of tourists each year, the most popular destination is Bocas del Toro. Combining a laid-back Caribbean vibe with the incredible natural setting of forests, jungles, and mangrove, this seaside town is where adventure and relaxation meet. Surfing and snorkeling are extremely popular in this town. However, the real talking point is relaxing in a secluded cove which can only be reached by water taxis.
The primary international portal into Panama is the Tocumen International Airport, serving as a critical regional hub for flights moving in and out of The Caribbean, as well as North, South, and Central America. Additionally, it accommodates flights from select cities across Asia and Europe. For intra-country travel, domestic flights are the quickest mode of transport; however, the speed comes with a higher price tag.
Road travel presents a more economical alternative, with buses being the most widely used and cost-effective means of transportation across the country. Within the confines of major cities, taxis are readily available for residents and tourists alike.
Tocumen International Airport is the premier international aerial gateway into Panama. This airport stands as a regional transport hub, connecting Panama with destinations across the Caribbean, North, South, and Central America — even heralding flights from certain European and Asian cities. To journey within Panama, domestic flights offer the quickest, albeit pricier, option. For those prioritizing affordability over speed, buses provide a popular and budget-friendly choice.
Further adding to the transportation options in Panama is the accessibility of taxi services. For those traversing within the major urban areas of the country, taxi services make intra-city travel a breeze. These easily available taxis contribute significantly to the efficiency of short distance commutes.
Additionally, getting around within the key city areas in this country is seamless thanks to the taxi services. For intra-city commutes in Panama's principal urban centers, taxis stand as a thoroughly accessible choice for transportation, simplifying movement within the cityscape.
Panama allows citizens of most countries, including all EU citizens and Americans, to visit the country without a visa for 180 days. Some other countries, such as China and the Philippines, need a visa to visit the country. All visitors need to hold a passport valid for at least 6 months.
Citizens of over 100 countries, including all EU nations and the United States, can visit Panama without a visa for up to 180 days.
Nationals of countries not included in the visa-exemption list need to apply for a visa before traveling to Panama.
All visitors must have a valid passport with at least six months remaining validity from the date of entry.
Proof of onward travel may be requested upon arrival.
Situated comfortably within the tropics, Panama's climate is characterized by distinctive wet and dry seasonal variations. Spanning from mid-March through to December, the wet season tends to bring rainfall every alternate day. However, the showers are typically brief and they mainly occur during afternoon hours, but this season also tends to be quite humid. On the other hand, the dry season extends from December until March. Throughout this time frame, the likelihood of witnessing rainfall dramatically decreases, resulting in overall drier conditions.
Given its tropical location, Panama experiences two distinct seasons: the wet and the dry. Commencing in mid-March and continuing until December, the wet season brings periodic rainfall, which typically occurs in short, intense bursts during the afternoon. However, tourists should remember that humidity levels can peak during this time. Conversely, the dry season, which stretches from December through March, ushers in a period of minimal rainfall, offering a drier climate.