Oncology in Los Angeles

Oncology is the branch of medicine that focuses on the research, prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. A medical professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating people with cancer is called an oncologist.

An oncologist can design a treatment plan based on detailed pathology reports that shows the type of cancer the patient has, how much cancer has developed, how fast the cancer is likely to spread, and what parts of the patient's body are involved.

The field of oncology has three main areas, which include:

• Medical oncologists use chemotherapy, hormonal therapies, and other types of targeted treatments to treat cancer. Most people think of medical oncologist as their primary cancer doctor. Medical oncologists help monitor and maintain patients' well-being, as well as helping patients manage side effects. Often patients follow up with their medical oncologist once their treatment is complete.
• Surgical oncologists perform the surgical removal of the tumor and surrounding tissue. They will help patients prepare for and recover from any surgical procedure they undergo during their cancer treatment. If your primary doctor suspects that you have cancer, a surgical oncologist is likely one of the first doctors you see. Surgical oncologists can perform biopsies, which involves removing a small tissue sample to be checked for cancer cells.
• Radiation oncologists treat cancer using radiation therapy. They use high-energy photon beams to target and destroy cancer cells. Approximately one-half of all cancer patients will undergo radiation treatment during their cancer care.

Because most cancers are treated with a combination of therapies, you could see two or all three different oncologists during the course of your treatment.

Besides the three main areas, there are also several other areas of oncology. These include:

• Pediatric oncologists diagnose and treat cancer in children. Some types of cancer appear more often in children and teenagers, such as leukemia, brain tumors, osteosarcoma, and Ewing’s sarcoma. Some pediatric oncologists focus on conducting research on childhood cancers, while others specialize in certain types of cancer.
• Gynecologic oncologists treat cancers that affect women, such as cancer of the ovary, cervix, uterus, vagina, and vulva. Additionally, they also treat complicated gynecological conditions that are not cancerous, such as fibroid tumors and endometriosis.
• Hematologist-oncologists diagnoses and treats blood cancers, such as lymphoma, leukemia, and myeloma. They may also specialize in the management of solid tumors.

Oncologists usually work with a variety of other medical professionals, including pathologists, diagnostic radiologists, oncology nurses, and oncology social workers. They may also work with doctors from other areas of medicine, such as neurologists, dermatologists, or urologists.

What does Oncology Involve?

There are many types of procedures to treat cancer. The types of procedures that you receive will depend on the type of cancer you have and how advanced it is. Some people who have cancer will only have one treatment. However, most people have a combination of treatments, such as surgery with radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. Below are the types of procedures to treat cancer:

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a type of treatment that uses drugs to kill cancer cells in the body and prevent them from growing. The drugs can prevent cell division, target the food source of the cancer cells’ (the hormones and enzymes the cells need to grow), and trigger apoptosis (a process in which cancer cells kill themselves).

• Chemotherapy drugs can be given in several different ways, including.
• Oral – taken in a pill or capsule form.
• Intravenously – through an infusion into a vein.
• Shots – injected with a needle.
• Topical – applying creams or gels into the skin. This type is used to treat certain types of skin cancer.

Chemotherapy drugs can also be given directly to cancer or directly to an area of the body, such as the abdomen or central nervous system.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy, or biologic therapy, boosts your body’s natural defenses to fight cancer. It uses substances made by your own body, or in a laboratory, to improve or restore your immune system function. It can stop cancer from spreading to other parts of the body, stop or slow the growth of cancer cells, and help your immune system work better at destroying cancer cells.

There are several types of immunotherapy to treat cancer, including immune checkpoint inhibitors, T-cell transfer therapy, monoclonal antibodies, treatment vaccines, and immune system modulators. Different types of immunotherapy may be given in different ways, such as intravenous (IV), oral, intravesical (directly into the bladder), or topical.

Targeted therapy

Targeted therapy uses drugs that are designed to specifically “target” cancer cells without affecting normal cells. It targets the cancer’s specific proteins, genes, or other tissue environment contributing to cancer survival and growth. These proteins and genes are found in cancer cells or in cells related to cancer growth.

The targeted drugs can block or turn off chemical signals that tell cancer cells when to divide and grow, stop making new blood vessels that feed cancer cells, change proteins within the cancer cells so the cells die, trigger the immune system to kill cancer cells, and carry toxins in the cancer cells to kill them.

• There are two types of targeted therapy:
• Small-molecule drugs, which is given through pills or capsules that you swallow
• Monoclonal antibodies, which are given through a needle in a blood vein.

Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses intense energy beams to kill cancer cells and shrink tumors. It most often uses X-rays, but other types of energy, such as protons may also be used.

Radiation therapy can be done in two ways:

• External-beam radiation therapy – this type of radiation therapy delivers radiation from a machine outside the body. You will lie on a table, and the machine (called a linear accelerator) moves around you to deliver radiation from several different angles. It is a quick and painless procedure.
• Internal radiation therapy – also called brachytherapy, involves both temporary and permanent placement of radioactive sources in the body. During the placement of the radioactive sources, you will be given anesthesia.

Hormone therapy

Hormone therapy stops or slows the growth of cancer that uses hormones to grow. It works by blocking your body’s ability to produce hormones or interfere with how hormones behave in your body. It can reduce the chance that cancer will return by stopping or slowing its growth, as well as preventing or reducing symptoms in men with prostate cancer.

Hormone therapy is usually used to treat breast and prostate cancer. It can be taken in many ways, including orally, through an injection, and surgery.

Stem Cell Transplant

People whose blood-forming stem cells are damaged by the very high doses of radiation therapy or chemotherapy can undergo stem cell transplant to restore the cells. Blood-forming stem cells are vital since they grow into different types of blood cells that you need to be healthy. The stem cells will be given to you through an IV catheter. The process is very much like receiving a blood transfusion.

Surgical treatment

Surgical treatment for cancer is a procedure to remove cancer from your body. There are many types of surgeries to treat cancer, which differ based on the part of the body that requires surgery, the purpose of the surgery, the amount of tissue to be removed, and your preference. In general, the surgery can be open or minimally invasive.

• During open surgery, one large incision is made to remove the tumor, some healthy tissue, and some nearby lymph nodes.
• During minimally invasive surgery, a few tiny incisions are made instead of a large one. These incisions are made to insert a laparoscope (a long, thin tube with a camera on its end) and special surgical tools. The laparoscope allows your surgeon to see the inside of the body, and the surgical tools are used to remove the tumor and some healthy tissue.

How Long Should I Stay in Los Angeles?

For chemotherapy, radiation therapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy, the treatment schedule may vary. You may have treatment every day, week, or month. It may also be given in a cycle, which is a period of treatment followed by a period of rest to give your body a chance to recover. For surgical treatment, you may need to stay in the hospital for a few days, and you need to stay in Los Angeles for at least 10 to 14 days. Your oncologist and/or medical tourism team will advise you on the length of stay in Los Angeles.

What's the Recovery Time?

The type of procedure you undergo determines the recovery period. While you may be able to get back to your normal routine within 10 days after laparoscopic surgery, you may need to wait around 6 weeks to fully recover from open surgery. Your oncologist will give you a detailed recovery timeline.

What About Aftercare?

You will be given instructions on how to take care of yourself. Your surgeon or nurse will explain how to control your pain, how to take care of your wound, activities you can and cannot do, and how to spot signs of infections. You may also need to talk to a dietitian to help with eating problems caused by the treatment. You will need to attend follow-up checkups to monitor your condition.

What's the Success Rate?

Cancer survival has improved significantly due to constant advancement and improvements in the field of oncology, including improvement in treatments and screening (allowing for earlier diagnosis). Still, you need to be aware of the risks, such as infection, bleeding, nerve damage, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and hair loss.

Are there Alternatives to Oncology?

There is no other alternative than to see an oncologist when it comes to cancer treatments. Some people may choose to undergo meditation, hypnosis, and acupuncture as well, usually to relieve the stress, anxiety, and pain that cancer can bring.

Oncology in and around Los Angeles

About Los Angeles

The city of Los Angeles, often called by its initials L.A., is the second-most populous city in the United States. It is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. This sprawling metropolis is best known as home to Hollywood, natural beauty, and its Mediterranean climate. Near-perfect weather, clear blue skies, mountains, and sunny beaches beckon tourists from all around the globe to visit. In 2018, 50 million people visited this city, and among those visitors were medical tourists. The cost of medical treatment in the US may be rising, but with well-trained medical professionals, cutting-edge technology, world-class medical centers, and a wide range of procedures, people from all over the world still seek to get treated in Los Angeles. The city is widely known to have some of the best surgeons as well as some of the best medical centers in the world. 

Popular Areas in Los Angeles

Los Angeles has a lot to offer, and there is something to suit everyone in this beautiful city. Many people will start their travel by seeing the infamous Hollywood sign and visiting Hollywood Boulevard to enjoy the Walk of Fame. However, there is so much more in the city than Hollywood. The following are some of the top sites to see in Los Angeles.

• Venice Beach comprises a variety of artistic venues, exclusive boutiques, and surfers. It is a perfect place to relax and enjoy the sun. The much-admired Venice Breakwater is a famous local surfer spot where the waves break on both sides. Take a stroll at the Venice Boardwalk to discover the most diverse ocean front walk in the world. Here, tourists will find numerous restaurants, spas, street entertainers, artists magicians, and skaters.
• Disneyland in Anaheim is less than 30 miles from Los Angeles. It is called the “Happiest Place on Earth.” Take a day trip here and enjoy the rides, such as the Haunted Mansion and Space Mountain. In the park, tourists are encouraged to immerse themselves in the enchanting worlds of Disney stories and feel like a kid.
• Getty Center has a stellar art collection of photographs, drawings, manuscripts, and pre-20th-century European paintings. Tourists can see famous paintings such as Wheatstacks by Monet, Irises by Van Gogh, and The Abduction of Europa by Rembrandt from up-close. Besides the art, the architecture of this museum is fascinating, which was designed by Richard Meier. On clear days, tourists are able to get spectacular views of the city and ocean.
• Griffith Park is the second-largest park in the United States. It is a great place for picnics and to hang around with friends. For an incredible view of the city, follow the hiking trails that lead up to Mulholland Drive. Tourists can also enjoy the LA Zoo, The Space Observatory, and the Autry Western Museum.

Weather and Climate in Los Angeles

Los Angeles enjoys a Mediterranean climate and has plenty of sunshine throughout the year. 

• Spring months from March to May is known to be the best time to visit the city since the weather is pleasant. There will be loads of sunshine and minimal rain during this season. The average temperature is around 21 °C, but it can be much cooler near the ocean. 
• Summer comes in June and ends in August. It is also the peak tourist season, so expect the tourist areas to be crowded. Gray fog overruns the city in June, particularly in the early mornings. Generally, the weather is warm and sunny during this season, which allows tourists to enjoy the beaches. Note that the temperature can get unbearably hot inland.
• Autumn is from September to November. The weather starts to cool down, and the summer heat subsides, with the average temperature hovering around 23 °C. However, November is the start of Los Angeles’ rainy season.
• Winter is from December to February, and rain is prevalent during these months. The weather is still pleasantly mild, but it will be rainier than usual in February. 

Getting Around in Los Angeles

Los Angeles International Airport or mostly referred to as LAX is the primary international airport in the city. It serves a number of domestic and international flights to Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. Both major and budget airlines operate flights from the airport. JetBlue, Frontier Airlines, and Spirit Airlines are some of the low-cost carries tourists can choose for budget travel. From the airport, FlyAway bus, taxi, or car hire are available to get to the city center.

The best way to travel around Los Angeles is to hire a car, but if you want to avoid the hassle of driving, you can always hire a car and driver. Nevertheless, using public transportation is a lot more cost-effective. The city has a Metro Rail subway system, but the routes are still limited. You can purchase a pass at the self-service machines at each station. The pass is also valid for the city buses. The best alternative is to ride a public bus. The public bus travels to the entire city and charges the same fares as the metro. If you want to visit several attractions, there are a variety of sightseeing bus tours that can save you from the trouble of figuring out the public bus routes.

Taxis are available, but they can be expensive since LA is big and has bad traffic. The fares are metered and can be organized over the phone. Uber, UberX, and Lyft are popular in Los Angeles.    

Tourists Visas in Los Angeles

Visa exemption and visa waiver program are available for 42 countries, including Australia, Japan, Singapore, and Canada. Holders of passports that are not listed in the visa exemption or visa waiver agreement need to apply and obtain a visa before entering the country. The visa is generally valid for 90 days. It is advisable to visit the nearest United States Embassy to learn about the visa policy.

Additional Information

1. Local Currency: The official currency is the US dollar ($). It is the world’s primary reserve currency and used in most international transactions.
2. Money & Payments: ATMs are widely available, and credit cards are accepted in most restaurants, hotels, and shops. Cards are required for reservations. Tipping is not optional, tip 18% to 20% in restaurants.
3. Local Language: English is the most widely spoken language, but since Los Angeles is one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world, there are 223 other languages spoken. These languages include Korean, Filipino, Chinese, Armenian, and Persian.
4. Local Culture and Religion: The largest religion in Los Angeles in Roman Catholicism, followed by Judaism. Smaller groups of Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, and several other religions.
5. Public Holidays: Some of the largest holidays in Los Angeles are New Year’s Day, Independence Day, Thanksgiving, and Christmas.