Neurology in Egypt

Neurology is a branch of medicine that focuses on the diagnosis and the treatment of diseases of the nervous system. The nervous system is a complex and sophisticated system that regulates and coordinates our body activities. It is divided into two major parts:

• The central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord
• The peripheral nervous system: all nerves branching out from the brain and spinal cord, and extend to other parts of the body, including organs and muscles.

Since the nervous system is complex, there are numerous subspecialties within the field of neurology, including:

• Neurodevelopmental disabilities
• Pediatric or child neurology
• Neuromuscular medicine
• Pain medicine
• Hospice and palliative care neurology
• Headache medicine
• Vascular Neurology (stroke care)
• Sleep medicine
• Autonomic disorders
• Brain injury medicine
• Neuropsychiatry
• Epilepsy
• Neurointensive care

A doctor who specializes in treating diseases of the nervous system is called a neurologist. Symptoms that often require a neurologist help may include coordination problems, muscle weakness, confusion, dizziness, and a change in sensation. People who are having problems with their senses, such as vision, touch, or smell, may also require to see a neurologist since problems with senses are sometimes caused by disorders of the nervous system.

A neurologist may also treat patients with:

• Stroke
• Seizure disorders, such as epilepsy
• Migraines and headaches
• Brain aneurysms
• Brain tumors
• Peripheral neuropathy
• Multiple sclerosis
• Infections of the nervous systems, such as meningitis, encephalitis, or brain abscesses
• Neuromuscular disorders, such as myasthenia gravis
• Neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease and Lou Gehrig’s disease
• Sleep disorders
• Spinal cord disorders, such as autoimmune and inflammatory disorders
• Speech and language disorders

Keep in mind that neurologist does not perform surgery. If you need surgery, you will be referred to a neurosurgeon.

What does Neurology Involve?

A wide variety of different tests and procedures are used to diagnose and treat neurological conditions. On your first appointment with a neurologist, a physical and neurological exam is likely to be performed. A neurological exam is done to test muscle strength, coordination, and reflexes.

Because different diseases can have similar symptoms, more than one testing may be required for your neurologist to make a diagnosis.

Some of the procedures that fall into the field of neurology may include:

Electromyography

Electromyography (EMG) is used to measure how well your muscles react to electrical stimulation from motor neurons, which are specific nerves controlling muscle movement. It can help neurologists diagnose general muscle or nerve dysfunction, as well as spinal cord disease.

During an EMG, small needles called electrodes are inserted into the muscle by a specially trained technician. The electrodes can measure the different electrical activity occurring in muscle tissue during periods of movement and rest.

Electroencephalogram

Electroencephalogram (EEG) is performed to assess and record electrical activity in your brain. Neurons in our brain communicate with other neurons through electrical impulses, which an EEG can record. Brain wave patterns can also be tracked by an EEG. It is used to help diagnose conditions of the brain, including tumors, inflammation, injuries, as well as psychiatric disorders, epilepsy, and seizures.

During an EEG, electrodes are placed on your head. The electrodes are connected to a computer, which converts electrical signals into patterns that can be seen from a screen or printed on a piece of paper.

Lumbar puncture

Lumbar puncture is done to test your spinal fluid. It involves inserting a needle into your spine after numbing it with an anesthetic. Using the needle, a sample of your spinal fluid is taken.

A lumbar puncture can help diagnose the following conditions:

• Meningitis
• Encephalitis
• Leukemia
• Myelitis
• Dementia
• Autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS)
• Bleeding in the brain

The procedure can also be used to treat conditions affecting the spinal cord. Your neurologist may inject anesthetics, cancer treatments, or antibiotics using a lumbar puncture needle.

Tensilon test

To help diagnose myasthenia gravis, your neurologist may perform a tensilon test. It involves the injection of a medicine called Tensilon. Then, your neurologist observes how medicine affects your muscle movements.

Sleep study

Chronic sleep problems are diagnosed in a Sleep Study. Also known as a Polysomnogram (PSG), this procedure involves monitoring patients during sleep and physiological data is recorded electronically.

Other tests

Other types of tests may be used by your neurologist to make a diagnosis. These may include:

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI scan)
• Computed tomography (CT scan)
• Positron emission tomography (PET scan)
• Biopsy
• Genetic testing
• Angiography

Botox injections

Botox injections can be done to treat some neurological conditions, such as cerebral palsy, that can cause your limbs to pull in toward your center. Sometimes, these contracted muscles can be relaxed with Botox injections.

Botox injections involve injecting tiny amounts of botulinum toxin into your skin of muscles using a thin needle.

Brain tumor treatment

A range of treatments can be done to treat a brain tumor. If your neurologist believes that you need surgery, you will be referred to a neurosurgeon who will remove as much of the brain tumor as possible through surgery.

A brain tumor may also be treated with radiation therapy, which uses high-energy beams to kill tumor cells.

Brain tumor treatment may be integrated between the departments of neurology and oncology.

Brain rehabilitation therapy

Brain rehabilitation therapy is used to help you relearn functions that are lost as a result of a brain injury. Brain rehabilitation therapy is usually integrated between specialty teams in the departments of neurology, sports medicine, psychiatry and psychology, neuroradiology, and the vestibular/balance laboratory.

Deep brain stimulation

During deep brain stimulation, electrodes are implanted within certain areas of the brain. The electrodes generate electrical impulses that can regulate abnormal impulses. These electrical impulses may also affect certain chemicals and cells within the brain.

Deep brain stimulation can be done to treat numerous conditions, including dystonia, essential tremor, epilepsy, and Parkinson’s disease. It is also being studied as a potential treatment for multiple sclerosis and stroke recovery.

Spinal stenosis treatment

Spinal stenosis is a condition that occurs when the spinal canal narrows and pinches the nerves, leading to back and leg pain. Spinal stenosis may be treated with pain medications, physical therapy, steroid injections, decompression procedure, or surgery. Surgery is usually performed if other treatments have not helped.

How Long Should I Stay in Egypt?

Your length of stay depends on the type of procedure you have, you may be allowed to leave the hospital on the same day or you will stay for several days. For diagnostic procedures, you should be allowed to leave the hospital on the same day. However, you should wait until the results of the test are ready before you can fly home, which may take as long as 7 days, sometimes even longer. If you undergo brain tumor treatments or other types of treatment, especially treatments that involve surgical intervention, you should aim to stay in Egypt at least for 10 days.

What's the Recovery Time?

The recovery time can be different for each procedure. It may also depend on the reason why you are having the procedure and your overall health. Your neurologist and neurosurgeon will give you a recovery timeline for each procedure. The recovery period for diagnostic procedures is typically short and you may be able to resume your normal activities within a week or so. For surgical procedures, you may need to wait 4 weeks or months until you can go back to your daily routine, including work and exercise.

What About Aftercare?

A detailed aftercare instruction will be given to you following your procedure. While the instructions will be different for each procedure, they typically include a diet plan, exercise, restrictions, and wound care (if any surgical intervention is involved). You should follow these instructions carefully in order to have a speedy and smooth recovery.

You may also need to attend follow-up checkups to monitor your overall condition and healing. For brain tumors, you may need to attend regular checkups to ensure the tumor has not come back.

What's the Success Rate?

The field of neurology is constantly advancing. The success rate of each procedure is typically high, particularly when performed by highly skilled and experienced medical professionals. Still, some procedures may carry some risks, such as bleeding, infection, and nerve injury.

Are there Alternatives to Neurology?

Since neurology is the branch of medicine to diagnose and treat problems of the nervous system, there are no other alternatives. However, if your doctor found that your disease or illness is found to be caused by other problems unrelated to the nervous system, your doctor will recommend you to see the relevant doctor.

Neurology in and around Egypt

About Egypt

Egypt is a spectacular fusion of splendid beaches, diverse wildlife, delectable cuisine, and a consistently sunny climate. Its historical significance is rooted deeply in Ancient Egypt - one of the most influential and fascinating civilizations to have ever existed. Journey back into the corridors of time as you visit Egypt's famous architectural wonders such as the iconic Pyramids of Giza and the historically rich Valley of the Kings.

With every twist and turn along the River Nile, brace yourself for a captivating journey into the past, and lose yourself in the labyrinth of bustling bazaars. Egypt invites you to revel in the architectural grandeur of some of its most renowned temples, be awed by the commanding presence of the Sphinx, and acquaint yourself with the distinct Nubian culture. Egypt presents an intriguing mélange of timeless history, vibrant cultures and stunning natural beauty.

One of the unique advantages of considering cosmetic surgery in Egypt is that it allows you to pair your medical trip with a satisfying holiday, all at a price that would typically cover only the surgery in many developed nations. Many top-notch clinics are concentrated in Cairo, the capital. However, there are also excellent private medical facilities in Heliopolis, Zamalek, Maadi, and Gizeh. Eleven of these are accredited by the Joint Commission International (JCI), vouching for their high quality of services.

The bulk of the medical tourists in Egypt come from other Arabic-speaking nations and across the African continent, drawn in by the affordability and expertise on offer. Particularly, Neurology procedures have gained notable popularity, further consolidating Egypt's position as a favorable destination for medical tourism.

Popular Parts of Egypt

Currently, Egypt is home to over 95 million inhabitants, securing its place as the most populous country in North Africa and standing third in terms of population across Africa. With its majestic historical landmarks, the sweeping expanse of the Nile, and the captivating allure of its deserts, Egypt extends an open invitation to all who seek to explore the grandeur of the ancient world. This fusion of history and natural beauty offers a unique landscape that continues to enchant millions of global citizens, making Egypt a must-visit destination.

• Cairo is the capital of Egypt as well as the largest city in the country and it is a perfect blend of ancient and modern culture. Visitors from all over the world come to see the Great Pyramid of Giza, the iconic Sphinx, or the magnificent tomb of Tutankhamun. Modern attractions such as its countless museums and busy markets are also popular with tourists.
• Luxor has frequently been called the world’s greatest open-air museum. Tourists can visit the Valley of the Kings, wander around the Temple of Dier el-Bahari, or discover the beauty of the Karnak Temple. Not only home to the extraordinary temple ruins of ancient Thebes, but this city also lies in a breathtaking setting of the Nile River and astonishing desert.  Tourists should complete their visit to this beautiful city by taking a sunset felucca cruise on the Nile River.
• Alexandria is a major economic center and the second-largest city in Egypt. The city has an impressive and interesting past, which began when Alexander the Great founded the city around 331 BC and it was home to the Pharos and the Great Library. Now, although the legendary buildings have disappeared, tourists can still learn about its past from the Alexandria National Museum, Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Kom el-Dikka, and Fort Qaitbey. Tourists can also relax in The Corniche, a scenic promenade overlooking the beautiful sea.  
• Aswan is located in the south of Egypt. It is part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network in the craft and folk art category. The city is a major destination for cruise boats on the River Nile, making it a favorite place for tourists. The local market in this city is known to be a superb place for holiday shopping, especially for those looking for fresh spices. The most popular attractions in or around the city are Sharia as-Souq, Nubian Museum, Unfinished Obelisk, Abu Simbel, and Philae Temple. 
• Sharm El Sheikh is situated on the coastal strip along the Red Sea. The city is the perfect beach gateway and is known for its outstanding beaches and some of the best dive spots in the world with a stunning coral reef. Dive into the crystal clear water and encounter schools of sharks, moray, and barracuda. Other than the underwater scenery, tourists can explore the Sinai desert by camel, take a tour to Saint Catherine’s Monastery, or relax in the Red Sea Resort.

Weather and Climate in Egypt 

Characterized mainly by a sweltering desert climate, Egypt remains significantly dry throughout, apart from its northern areas along the Mediterranean Sea. These northern regions break from the norm, being comparatively more humid and receiving the lion's share of the country's annual rainfall, offering a contrasting picture to Egypt's otherwise arid landscape.

Summer in Egypt exhibits average temperatures hovering around 35 °C, but there can be instances where temperatures escalate beyond 40 °C. These extreme temperature spikes are often accompanied by increased levels of humidity, intensifying the overall heat experience during the country's summer months.

Winter ushers in a pleasant climate, making it a popular time for tourists, although it results in crowded tourist spots and slightly higher costs. Cities like Alexandria may receive occasional showers, contributing to increased dampness during this season.

Winter is recognized for being Egypt's breeziest season. During this time, daytime temperatures typically float around a comfortable 20°C. When night descends, the temperature can drop further towards 10°C, introducing a gentle chill. Mindfully sandwiched between the country's dominant hot desert climate, this period offers a refreshing contrast as it unveils Egypt's mild winter chill.

Getting Around in Egypt 

There are several international airports in Egypt: Cairo International Airport, Burg Al Arab Airport, Hurghada Airport, Luxor Airport, Marsa Alam Airport, and Sharm El Sheikh International Airport. The main and the busiest airport is Cairo International airport which serves both domestic and international flights to Asia and Europe. The airport is the hub for Egypt Air, Egypt Air Express, and Nile Air. Budget airlines such as Flynas and FlyEgypt also operate flights from this airport. 

Egypt has a dependable and efficient public transport network and tourists can travel by rail which covers a limited network of routes. Trains travel is the best option for long-distance travel and there are air-conditioned trains that offer a more comfortable option. But if you are looking for a cheaper alternative, a non-air-conditioned economy class is also available.

If you're looking for a budget-friendly and swift mode of travel, buses present an ideal choice. Primarily employed for longtrips, these buses conveniently link major cities across the country. Tickets for these bus journeys can be conveniently secured at the Cairo Gateway bus terminal, making it an easily accessible option for tourists interested in exploring the breadth of Egypt.

Taxis and Uber are available in most cities, providing easier travel for tourists. In Cairo, the taxis are painted white and black. In Alexandria, the taxis are painted orange and black. The taxis are generally metered but there are also taxis that will refuse to use the meters. Tourists should insist on using the meter or agree on a fare before getting into one. Long-distance group taxis are also available and are relatively cheap and be sure to agree on the fares and bargain if necessary.  

Tourist Visas in Egypt

Every traveler planning a visit to Egypt needs a visa, barring citizens from visa-exempt countries such as Bahrain, Hong Kong, and Saudi Arabia who are allowed to stay for up to 90 days without one.

A Visa-on-Arrival service, which simplifies the process, is available to several nationalities, including Australia, Japan, Russia, and all European Union citizens. This Visa-on-Arrival is valid for an initial 30 days but can be extended for another 30 days if needed. These visa policies aim to facilitate easier and regulated travel to and from Egypt.

For citizens of 46 countries, which includes major nations such as the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, an electronic visa is easily available. The e-Visa, valid for a 30-day period, can conveniently be applied for and obtained online via the official Egyptian government's website.

For all other nationals who don't fall under the visa exemption agreement, visa on arrival, or electronic visa categories, a visa application must be filed at their nearest Egyptian embassy or consulate. This makes the process of securing a visa to Egypt more streamlined and accessible, ensuring a smooth travel experience for visitors.

Additional information about the Visas:

• All visitors to Egypt must have a passport valid for at least six months beyond their intended date of departure from Egypt.
• Visitors who obtain a visa on arrival or an e-Visa must pay a visa fee. The visa fee varies depending on your nationality.
• Visitors who apply for a visa at an Egyptian embassy or consulate may also need to provide additional documentation, such as a proof of onward travel or a letter of invitation.

Additional Information

1. Local Currency: The local currency is the Egyptian pound (EGP). 1 USD will get you 30.90 EGP.
2. Money & Payments: ATMs are available in major cities, but if you are planning to go to remote places, prepare to bring cash with you. Credit cards are accepted in the midrange and high-end restaurants, hotels, and shops. Tipping is generally expected everywhere.
3. Local Language: There are various languages spoken in Egypt. The official language is Classical Arabic but the most widely spoken language is Egyptian Arabic. Since the county was occupied by the British from 1882 to 1952, many people will speak English.
4. Local Culture and Religion: Islam is the state religion of Egypt. There are also small groups of Christian and Jews. 
5. Public Holidays: Egypt celebrates religious and national holidays including Coptic Easter Sunday, Christmas Day, End of Ramadan, and Revolution Day.